直升機教員手冊 Helicopter Instructor’s Handbook

時間：2014-11-10 08:35來源：FAA 作者：直升機翻譯 點擊：次

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Many helicopters sit somewhat low in the water on fixed floats, so tail rotor clearance can be a hazard in very small waves. Landing close to boats or ships exposes the helicopter to ropes, lines, and cranes on the larger vessels. All of these can constitute deadly hazards to a helicopter and should be discussed in detail.
Work on floats involves flight over water so the crew and passengers must have life jackets. The pilot must ensure the passengers are equipped with life jackets and briefed on how the equipment works and what the best course of action is in the event they are required to land in water.
Discuss with the student that water operations are much more demanding on the maintenance crews because of corrosion control, to include engine washes are major items. In most operations near salt water, the pilot performs a daily engine wash, while the maintenance crew performs more extensive washes periodically.
Wheeled Landing Gear
Wheeled landing gear must be inflated properly to prevent ground resonance. If the wheels are retractable, the pilot must follow a checklist to ensure gear extension before landing. Usually, if the gear retracts, there are emergency landing gear extension procedures for the student to learn. There may be maximum airspeeds for landing gear operation, retraction, and extension.
Skis
Skis, or snow pads, settle into the snow over time and become almost glued to the surface. Skis also slip under tree limbs and other obstructions very easily. Always ensure the skis or snow pads are free of the surface before lifting all of the way to a hover. Snow operations include other hazards, such as whiteouts and loss of the horizon, as the snow blends into a white sky. Snow can hide depressions and in itself be unstable if near a high area. Always maintain flight rpm until you are certain that the snowy surface fully supports the helicopter and is stable under the added weight of the helicopter.
External Loads
14 CFR part 133 and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular (AC ) provide information for rotorcraft external-load operations. No person subject to this part may conduct rotorcraft external-load operations within the United States without a Rotorcraft External-Load Operator Certificate issued by the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR part 133, section 133.17. Additionally, the pilot must have the exclusive use of at least one rotorcraft that—
1. Was type certificated under and meets the requirements of 14 CFR part 27 or 29 (but not necessarily with external-load-carrying attaching means installed) or of 14 CFR part 21, section 21.25, for the special purpose of rotorcraft external-load operations;
2. Complies with the certification provisions in 14 CFR part 133, subpart D that apply to the rotorcraft-load combinations for which authorization is requested;
3. Has a valid standard or restricted category airworthiness certificate.
For the purposes of this section, a person has exclusive use of a rotorcraft if he or she has the sole possession, control, and use of it for flight, as owner, or has a written agreement (including arrangements for the performance of required maintenance) giving him or her that possession, control, and use for at least six consecutive months.
Personnel
The pilot must hold a current commercial or airline transport pilot certificate issued by the FAA, with a rating appropriate for the rotorcraft as prescribed in 14 CFR part 133, section 133.19. One pilot, who may be the applicant, must be designated as chief pilot for rotorcraft external-load operations. The applicant also may designate qualified pilots as assistant chief pilots to perform the functions of the chief pilot when the chief pilot is not readily available. The chief pilot and assistant chief pilots must be acceptable to the FAA and each must hold a current Commercial or Airline
Transport Pilot Certificate, with a rating appropriate for the rotorcraft as prescribed in 14 CFR section 133.19.
The holder of a Rotorcraft External-Load Operator Certificate must report any change in designation of chief pilot or assistant chief pilot immediately to the FAA certificate-holding office. The new chief pilot must be designated and must comply with 14 CFR section 133.23, within 30 days or the operator may not conduct further operations under the Rotorcraft External-Load Operator Certificate unless otherwise authorized by the FAA certificate-holding office.
Knowledge and Skill
The applicant, or the chief pilot designated in accordance with 14 CFR part 133, section 133.21(b), must demonstrate to the FAA satisfactory knowledge and skill regarding rotorcraft external-load operations. The test of knowledge (which may be oral or written, at the option of the applicant) covers the following subjects:
1. Steps to be taken before starting operations, including a survey of the flight area.
2. Proper method of loading, rigging, or attaching the external load.
3. Performance capabilities, under approved operating procedures and limitations, of the rotorcraft to be used.
4. Proper instructions of flight crew and ground workers.
5. Appropriate rotorcraft-load combination flight manual.
The test of skill requires appropriate maneuvers for each class requested. The appropriate maneuvers for each load class must be demonstrated in the rotorcraft as prescribed in
14 CFR part 133, section 133.19. These include:
1. Takeoffs and landings.
2. Demonstration of directional control while hovering.
3. Acceleration from a hover.
4. Flight at operational airspeeds.
5. Approaches to landing or working area.
6. Maneuvering the external load into the release position.
7. Demonstration of winch operation, if a winch is installed to hoist the external load.
Before attempting external loads, the student must be familiar with helicopter performance and the procedures outlined in the RFM. Ensure the student is aware that preflight planning is not complete until the ground crew is briefed on essential safety criteria, such as signals and emergency procedures. Discuss load pickup, en route, and load release procedures and the fact that operations need to be at an altitude that ensures the load clears all obstacles. When possible, plan the route of flight through an area that is not densely populated. Emphasize the differences in helicopter handling characteristics for external loads and internal loads.

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